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PORTFOLIO VALUATION
A valuation of the John Laing portfolio has been carried out on a consistent basis for each half-year period since June 2000. The exercise does not seek to estimate the changing market value of the assets in the portfolio in the light of the development of the secondary market. However, through application of a consistent methodology, the process serves to illustrate movements in value between periods and the impact of intervening transactions and its publication provides shareholders and analysts with information that can be compared to individual transactions in the broader market, where these have been made public.
A significant number of listed players in the European PFI/PPP market have started to publish valuations of their own investments. Whilst each company has adopted its own methodology, all are based on similar principles to the method that John Laing has been using for the last five years.
METHODOLOGY
Each run of the valuation process is based on using one of four methods to establish a value for each of the projects in the portfolio:
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the principal method is the discounted cash flow analysis (‘DCF’) which is applied to the future forecast cash flows to which John Laing as shareholder, or holder of subordinated debt, is entitled. |
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The exceptions to the application of DCF are: |
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where investments are listed, the closing price on the period end date is used (‘market value’); |
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where a current independent third party value is available, usually because of a recent transaction ('third party valuation'); and |
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where there are no long-term financial forecasts available, or where the asset has been written down to zero, a current book value is used (‘book value’). |
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DCF was utilised on all of the 48 investments for the December 2005 valuation. In this exercise the detailed financial models, approved and updated at Project Company level in line with operational experience and lenders’ requirements, are scrutinised to determine forecast future cash flows to John Laing. A post-tax DCF analysis is then applied and any cash flows resulting from interest bearing loan notes are taxed at a notional 30%. Forecast cash flows as evidenced in the approved models are never varied positively, but may be further discounted if John Laing believes additional uncertainties have emerged since the last approved model update.
No value is ascribed to any proposed variations extending or expanding project scope because, whilst the variation scale may be known and they may be projected to yield substantial additional future cash flows, they are not contractually certain. Similarly no value is derived from projected refinancings, which although projected as creating additional value through accelerating cash release from projects, have yet to reach financial close. No value is ascribed to preferred bidder positions in the portfolio valuation.
The discount rate utilised is arrived at by adding risk premia of 6%, 4% or 2% to a base discount rate of 7.5% depending on the distribution of project cash flows between the construction phase, ramp-up (two years from the start of operations) and subsequent operations. Additional risk premia will be added if the future performance of the project is subject to particular uncertainties in relation to a payment mechanism incorporating significant volume risk or other unusual risks.
For those investments valued by DCF the weighted average annual post-tax discount rate is 10.6% (2004 – 10.6%). Projected Chiltern equity cash flows are discounted, as before, at 15%.
In the case of the Second Severn River Crossing (‘SRC’) debenture stock, market valuation as at 31 December 2005 has been used for the current exercise. The remaining SRC equity interest has been valued on a DCF basis. In addition to the portfolio of 48 investments, there are a further two projects, Brisbane Airlink in Australia and Midland Metro. Both of these projects have a net book value of nil (2004 – nil) and the portfolio valuation ascribes no value to them. They have therefore been excluded from the portfolio list. In no cases have third party valuations been used in the current exercise.
As in previous years, the calculations underpinning the 2005 valuation have been validated by Ernst & Young LLP* in line with a brief requiring them to ensure that the financial analysis used to generate the valuation is both accurate and in accordance with the adopted methodology. |
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The calculations that underpin the portfolio valuation have been made by, and are the sole responsibility of, John Laing. Ernst & Young LLP has performed agreed-upon procedures to confirm that the aspects of the calculations have been performed correctly and the methodology set out by John Laing has been correctly applied. Ernst & Young LLP has not given an opinion as to value. Ernst & Young LLP performed the work exclusively for John Laing and has reported its findings to John Laing. Ernst & Young LLP accepts responsibility for its work solely to John Laing and to no other party. Ernst & Young LLP has not reviewed each of the financial forecasts approved at Project Company level by the relevant Project Company entities. |
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[ back to top ] |
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| 2005 VALUATION RESULTS |
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AT 31 DECEMBER 2005, THE PORTFOLIO VALUATION IS £330.1 MILLION, AS AGAINST £301.2 MILLION IN DECEMBER 2004 GIVING AN ABSOLUTE GROWTH OF 10% OVER 2004 AND REBASED GROWTH OF 20%
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AT DECEMBER 2005, 63% OF THE TOTAL VALUATION RELATES TO AVAILABILITY BASED PAYMENT STREAMS (2004 – 61%), 18% TO ROAD PROJECT SHADOW TOLLS (2004 – 19%) AND 19% VOLUME RELATED REVENUE STREAMS (2004 – 20%) |
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| VALUE BY REVENUE TYPE |
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| VALUE BY SECTOR |
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CHANGES IN VALUATION
Movements in the portfolio valuation are set out below: |
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Portfolio
valuation
December
2004
£ million |
Aquisi-
tions
£ million |
Disposals
£ millions |
Equity and
loan note
subscrip-
tions
£ million |
Refinancing
and distri-
butions
£ million |
Rebased
Dec 2004
value at
Dec 2005
£ million |
Growth on
valuation
£ million |
Porfolio
valuation
December
2005
£ million |
Growth on
valuation
% |
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Portfolio |
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Accommodation |
152.2 |
8.2 |
(29.9) |
16.2 |
(26.0) |
120.7 |
32.2 |
152.9 |
27 |
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Roads |
76.1 |
2.6 |
- |
2.8 |
(3.8) |
77.7 |
14.0 |
91.7 |
18 |
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Rail |
67.9 |
- |
- |
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(5.6) |
62.3 |
8.8 |
71.1 |
14 |
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Utilities |
5.0 |
- |
- |
8.3 |
- |
13.3 |
1.1 |
14.4 |
8 |
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Total |
301.2 |
10.8 |
(29.9) |
27.3 |
(35.4) |
274.0 |
56.1 |
330.1 |
20 |
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THROUGH APPLICATION OF A CONSISTENT METHODOLOGY, THE PROCESS SERVES TO ILLUSTRATE MOVEMENTS IN VALUE BETWEEN PERIODS AND THE IMPACT OF INTERVENING TRANSACTIONS AND ITS PUBLICATION PROVIDES SHAREHOLDERS AND ANALYSTS WITH INFORMATION THAT CAN BE COMPARED TO INDIVIDUAL TRANSACTIONS IN THE BROADER MARKET |
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AFTER REBASING TO TAKE CASH FLOWS INTO ACCOUNT, THE PORTFOLIO VALUATION REFLECTS UNDERLYING GROWTH OF 20% OR £56.1 MILLION ON A REBASED DECEMBER 2004 VALUATION OF £274.0 MILLION. THIS GROWTH INCLUDES THE POSITIVE EFFECT OF TAKING PROJECTS TO FINANCIAL CLOSE, THE EXCESS OVER PORTFOLIO VALUATION ACHIEVED ON DISPOSALS, CASH FLOW IMPROVEMENTS TO THE PROFILE OF DISTRIBUTIONS FROM OPERATIONAL PROJECTS AND THE UNWINDING OF ONE YEAR’S DISCOUNT ON PROJECTED CASH FLOWS |
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| VALUE BY TIME REMAINING ON CONCESSION |
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The cash movement relating to acquisitions in 2005 reflects the purchase of additional stakes in the Edinburgh and Glasgow Schools projects in November, and the acquisition of the remaining 50% stake in the Walsall street-lighting project also in November.
The cash movements relating to disposals in 2005 were the sale of a 50% interest in the Joint Services Command and Staff College project in September, and the cash receipt from the sale of three police projects in December.
Equity and loan note subscriptions relate to projects where commitments to invest equity and loan notes have crystallised, or to new investment in further tranches of schemes in existing LIFT concessions.
There were no cash receipts from refinancings in 2005. The proceeds and distributions include investment receipts from yielding projects whether dividend distributions, loan repayments or interest received.
At sector level, the Accommodation sector exhibited a £32.2 million rebased growth in value and accounts for 46% of the portfolio total (2004 – 51%). This outturn is the net effect of a number of factors, including:
• the successful closing of Newcastle Hospital, North Swindon Schools and further tranches of investment in LIFT schemes;
• the purchase of further stakes in Edinburgh and Glasgow Schools through pre-emption opportunities; and
• the disposal of the 50% stakes in the police assets to Allianz AG.
Taking these various transactions into account, the rebased growth for the Accommodation sector was 27% (2004 – 15%).
The Roads sector showed rebased growth of 18% and accounts for 28% of the portfolio total (2004 – 25%). Contributing factors to this growth were the successful closing of the E18 road project in Finland and the A1 road project in Poland.
The Rail sector exhibited rebased growth of 14% and accounts for 22% of the portfolio total (2004 – 23%). The Chiltern investment accounts for 73% of the sector total and increased in value by 4%.
The Utilities sector valuation increased by 8% on a rebased basis, reflecting the investment made in the London Underground Connect project. Kinnegar (the small waste water treatment plant in Northern Ireland) continues to be valued on a more prudent basis because, although steps have been taken to improve performance levels that previously reduced client payments, it is currently too early to forecast the longer term outcome accurately.
DCF valuation underpins 98% of the total portfolio valuation of £330.1 million.
The long-term cash flows analysed as part of the DCF analysis are shown below (excludes acquisitions, disposals, bid costs and overheads):
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CASH INFLOW (POST TAX ON SUB-DEBT INTEREST) |
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ESTIMATED FUTURE JOHN LAING CASHFLOW |
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The long-term cash flows analysed as part of the DCF analysis are shown below (excludes cash flows associated with preferred bidder projects): |
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£ million |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
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Accommodation |
11.2 |
3.7 |
13.6 |
11.3 |
4.7 |
16.9 |
15.8 |
16.4 |
14.6 |
14.3 |
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Roads |
(0.4) |
(0.9) |
2.4 |
9.4 |
9.7 |
8.8 |
9.1 |
13.9 |
19.2 |
11.8 |
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Rail |
5.1 |
3.7 |
5.3 |
9.2 |
11.1 |
15.3 |
11.2 |
11.9 |
13.2 |
14.6 |
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Utilities |
(0.2) |
(0.1) |
4.9 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
1.5 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
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Total |
15.7 |
6.4 |
26.2 |
32.0 |
27.7 |
43.4 |
38.6 |
43.7 |
49.3 |
43.0 |
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£ million |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2022 |
2023 |
2024 |
2025 |
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Accommodation |
13.5 |
15.0 |
14.9 |
15.7 |
17.1 |
18.2 |
21.0 |
21.3 |
19.9 |
21.0 |
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Roads |
12.6 |
8.9 |
10.0 |
10.1 |
7.7 |
4.9 |
7.4 |
14.1 |
20.2 |
24.2 |
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Rail |
16.1 |
17.3 |
18.4 |
19.1 |
13.9 |
28.8 |
7.3 |
- |
- |
- |
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Utilities |
5.0 |
8.7 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
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Total |
47.2 |
49.9 |
47.0 |
48.5 |
38.7 |
51.9 |
35.7 |
35.4 |
40.1 |
45.2 |
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£ million |
2026 |
2027 |
2028 |
2029 |
2030 |
2031 |
2032 |
2033 |
2034 |
2035 |
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Accommodation |
28.0 |
37.7 |
35.9 |
49.6 |
28.6 |
35.1 |
36.8 |
14.5 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
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Roads |
34.3 |
31.4 |
16.6 |
20.3 |
16.1 |
8.4 |
4.1 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
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Rail |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
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Utilities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
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Total |
62.3 |
69.1 |
52.5 |
69.9 |
44.7 |
43.5 |
40.9 |
17.4 |
12.9 |
12.0 |
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£ million |
2036 |
2037 |
2038 |
2039 |
2040 |
2041 |
2042 |
2043 |
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Accommodation |
19.8 |
8.1 |
6.5 |
4.3 |
2.3 |
13.2 |
17.8 |
9.9 |
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Roads |
1.5 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
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Rail |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
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Utilities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
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Total |
21.3 |
9.0 |
7.3 |
5.4 |
2.3 |
13.2 |
17.8 |
9.9 |
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The portfolio valuation is calculated using a base discount rate of 7.5%, to which risk premium is added on a project specific basis, giving a weighted average rate for the portfolio of 10.6%. If the discount rate is changed, the DCF valuation changes, and the graph below shows the effects of using a different discount rate on the portfolio valuation. From the graph it can be seen that a weighted average rate of 8.6% produces a valuation of just over £400 million. |
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SENSITIVITY OF VALUATION TO DISCOUNT RATE |
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This year for the first time, a pre-tax valuation has also been completed (where interest received from the loan notes is valued gross) since the buying and selling of PFI investments tends to be valued on a pre-shareholder tax basis. On a pre-tax basis, the portfolio valuation is £356.9 million against £322.3 million in December 2004, an 11% uplift over 2004 on an absolute basis. |
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